In the early 1950s, experiments by two teams of researchers, Salvador Luria working with Mary Human and Joe Bertani working with Jean Weigle, showed that some strains of bacteria were more resistant ...

Scientists first observed the biological phenomenon of restriction and modification in the 1950s, but they did not identify and isolate restriction enzymes until the late 1960s. 3 In 1970, Hamilton ...

Restriction-modification systems are important defenses against interspecies and even intraspecies uptake of exogenous and potentially harmful (e.g., bacteriophage) DNA. To date, four types of ...

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine alumnus and former faculty member Hamilton O. Smith, whose 1978 Nobel Prize-winning discovery of restriction enzymes revolutionized genetic engineering, ...

Modular cloning and expression of complex genetic assemblies are becoming widely popular. Recent applications based on site-specific and homologous recombination have substantially improved the ...